Yongze Song

Associate Professor
Curtin University, Australia

Important concepts in geospatial analysis:

1. Spatial association: second-dimension spatial association, second-dimension outliers, interactive detector for spatial association, local pathways of association
2. Spatial autocorrelation: heterogeneous spatial autocorrelation,
3. Geostatistics or Kriging: segment-based regression kriging,
4. Spatial heterogeneity: spatial stratified heterogeneity, local stratified heterogeneity, generalized heterogeneity, geographically optimal zones-based heterogeneity, locally explained heterogeneity, wavelet geographically weighted regression, spatio-temporal unmixing with heterogeneity,  
5. Spatial interaction: robust Interaction, interactive detector for spatial association, geographical pattern interaction,
6. Geographical similarity: geographically optimal similarity,
7. Geocomplexity: geocomplexity,
8. Spatial graph network: geographical graph neural network, dynamic spatiotemporal graph network,
9. Spatial fusion: spatial context-aware fusion,
10. Spatial anisotropy: spatial irregular anisotropy,
11. Spatial accessibility: D2SFCA spatiotemporal accessibility,
12. Spatial decision-making: MFSD spatial decision making,
13. Spatial big data: spatial big data-based city redefinition,
14. Spatial path analysis: local pathways of association
15. Spatial segmentation: spatial heterogeneity-based segmentation, gaussian mixture segmentation,  
16. Spatial trade-off: spatial trade-off relation, dynamic trade-off, spatial delta model,
17. Spatial unmixing: spatio-temporal unmixing with heterogeneity 
18. Robust spatial models: robust geographical detector, robust interaction detector
19. Advanced geographical detector models: Optimal Parameters-based Geographical Detector (OPGD), Robust Interaction Detector (RID), Local indicator of stratified power (LISP), Geographically Optimal Zones-based Heterogeneity (GOZH), Geographical Pattern Interaction (GPI), Interactive Detector for Spatial Associations (IDSA), Robust Geographical Detector (RGD), Locally explained heterogeneity model, Generalized Heterogeneity Model (GHM), Heterogeneous spatial autocorrelation (HSA)

Part I. Spatial prediction via spatial feature modeling

1. Second-Dimension Spatial Association (SDA). International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.
   • R package “SecDim”
2. Second-Dimension Outliers (SDO). International Journal of Geographical Information Science.
3. Geographically Optimal Similarity (GOS). Mathematical Geosciences.
   • R package “geosimilarity”
4. Heterogeneous spatial autocorrelation (HSA). International Journal of Geographical Information Science. (Top 4 Most Read Article in the last 1 year, 2025)
   • R Code for HSA model
5. Geocomplexity explains spatial errors. International Journal of Geographical Information Science. (Top 30 Most Cited Article in the last 3 years, 2025; No. 1 Most Read Article, 2023)
   • R package “geocomplexity”
6. Generalized Heterogeneity Model (GHM). International Journal of Geographical Information Science. (Top 4 Most Cited Article in the last 3 years, 2025; Top 10 Most Read Article, 2024)
7. Segment-based Regression Kriging (SRK). IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. Highly Cited Paper
8. Dynamic Trade-Off Model (DTOM). IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. Highly Cited Paper
9. Dynamic spatiotemporal graph network. GIScience & Remote Sensing.
10. Geographically informed graph neural network (GIGNN). Spatial Statistics
11. Spatial context-aware fusion (SCAF). International Journal of Digital Earth.

Part II. Spatial heterogeneity and driver analysis

12. Optimal Parameters-based Geographical Detector (OPGD). GIScience & Remote Sensing (2020). Highly Cited Paper; No. 1 Most Cited Article in the history of the journal GIScience & Remote Sensing (over 40 years).
    • R package “GD”; Q & A
13. Robust Interaction Detector (RID). Spatial Statistics. Highly Cited Paper
14. Local indicator of stratified power (LISP). International Journal of Geographical Information Science.
    • R Code for LISP model
15. Geographically Optimal Zones-based Heterogeneity (GOZH). ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
    • R Code for GOZH model: Code 1; Code 2
16. Geographical Pattern Interaction (GPI). International Journal of Geographical Information Science. (Top 1 Most Rear Article in the last 30 days, 2025)
17. Interactive Detector for Spatial Associations (IDSA). International Journal of Geographical Information Science. (No. 2 Most Cited Article, 2023)
    • R package “IDSA”
18. Robust Geographical Detector (RGD). International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.
    • Python Code for RGD model
19. Spatial irregular anisotropy in urban heat effects. Sustainable Cities and Society
20. Locally explained heterogeneity model. International Journal of Digital Earth.
    • R Code for LESH model
21. Local pathways of association (LPA). International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.
    • R Code for LPA model
22. Spatial Heterogeneity-based Segmentation (SHS) for the homogeneous segmentation of line data. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.
23. Wavelet Geographically Weighted Regression (WGWR). Scientific Reports.
24. Spatio-temporal unmixing with heterogeneity (STUH). International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.

Part III. Spatial urban methods: modeling patterns, accessibility, and decisions

25. Spatial Delta Model (SDM) for quantifying the difference between access and accessibility. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
26. Spatial Trade-Off Relation (STOR) for spatial quantity-quality relationship modelling. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.
27. D2SFCA model for the spatiotemporal accessibility analysis. GIScience & Remote Sensing. Highly Cited Paper
28. MFSD model for spatial decision making. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
29. Spatial Big Data Method for redefining cities. International Journal of Geographical Information Science.
30. Gaussian Mixture Segmentation (GMS). IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.